Describe the types of fabric? The flow chart of fabric manufacturing or weaving process?

Describe the types of fabric?

There are three types of fabric. They are –

1. Woven fabric: The fabrics which are produced by two sets of yarn by interlacing are called woven fabric. The name of two sets yarn are-

2. Knitted fabric: The fabrics which are produced by one sets of yarn by interlacing are called knitted fabric.

3. Non-woven: Here fabrics are produced by connecting yarn with gummy or bonded materials.

The flow chart of fabric manufacturing or weaving process:

বিস্তারিত পড়ুন

• Share
• Tweet

Define soft water | What is water softening? State the name of method of water softening | Describe the base exchange process for softening hard water?

Define soft water?

The water which does not contain H CO3-, Cl-, SO42- salt of Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Al3+ & form foam easily by reacting with soap is called soft water e.g. Rain water.

What is water softening? State the name of method of water softening?

WATER SOFTENING: To remove the impurities of hard water by some desirable process is called water softening.

WATER SOFTENING PLANT / METHODS OF WATER SOFTENING:

1.         soda lime process.

2.        Base exchange process (permutit).

3.         Demineralisation.

4.        Soda alum.

5.         Aeration.

6.        Chelation on sequestration.

7.         Calgon process.

Describe the Base Exchange process for softening hard water?

This method depends upon the use of zeolite or base exchange complexes.

The zeolites are hydrated silicates of Na & Al with a generated formula- (Na2O)x (Al2O3)y (SiO2)z (H2O)n

When zeolites or base exchange complexes are brought in contact with hard water, following reaction

For temporary hardness-

Ca(HCO3)2 + Na2O.Z → CaO.Z + Na2CO3 + H2O

Mg(HCO3)2 + Na2O.Z → MgO.Z + Na2CO3 + H2O

For permanent hardness-

CaSO4+ Na2O.Z → CaO.Z + NaSO4.

MgSO4+ Na2O.Z → MgO.Z + NaSO4.

In water Z is an abbreviation for the Al2O3.SiO2.H2O part of zeolite. The soft water obtained from this Base Exchange process is of 0 – 20° hardness or

Levelness. After a long time the whole of the Na in Base Exchange substance is replaced by Ca or Mg. it is said to be exhausted because it will not soften any hard water more. Then it has to be generated.

Regeneration: CaO.Z + 2NaCl → Na2O.Z + CaCl2

The CaCl2 & residual NaCl are washed away & the regenerated Na2O.Z can be used to soften the hard water again.

বিস্তারিত পড়ুন

• Share
• Tweet

Learn Basic Weaving Operation In Fabric Manufacturing

The machine used for weaving fabrics is a loom. Before weaving yarns intended for warp must pass through such operations as spooling, warping and slashing to prepare them to withstand the strain of weaving process. These processes do not improve quality of yarns.

A. Spooling:

Yarn is wound on large spools, or cones which are placed on a rack called a creel from this yarns are wound on warp beam, which is similar to huge spool.

B. Starching:

These yarns are unwound to be put through a slashing or sizing bath. The slasher machine covers every yarn with a coating to prevent breaking during weaving process.

C. Wrapping:

The sized yarns are then wound on a final warp beam and are ready for the loom.The warp beam prepared now is then mounted on looms. Before the invention of conventional loom, back strap loom was in existence. Later on, the conventional loom replaced the back strap loom which is now-a-days not in use. The above given preparatory procedures were not followed in the back strap loom since
the fabric was prepared manually. On conventional loom, the warp beam is mounted at the back and warp yarns are conveyed to a cylinder called cloth roll, which is at the front of the loom and on which fabric is rolled as it is constructed.

The warp beam holds the length-wise yarns and is located at the back of the loom. This beam is controlled so that it releases yarn to the loom as it is needed.The Heddles are wires or metal strips with an eye located in the center through which the warp ends are threaded. The harness is the frame that
holds the Heddles in position. Each loom has atleast two harnessess. A majority of looms for regular fabrics have four to twelve harnessess and some looms may have as many as thirty-two. Harnessess
can be raised or lowered to produce the shed through which the filling yarn is passed and thus controls the pattern of weave.The shuttle move back and forth in the shed created, passing the filling yarns between the warp yarns. The reed is a comb like device that helps to pack the filling yarns into position in the woven fabric.

during weaving process.The cloth beam is located at the front of the loom and holds the completed fabric. So we can say a basic loom consists of: 1. Warp beam 2. Heddles and harness 3. Shuttle 4. Reed 5. Cloth beam

Now-a-days highly sophisticated looms are available which may have devices other than these but all the looms no matter how specialized they are, have some basic operations which are fundamental and are performed in sequence and are constantly repeated.

বিস্তারিত পড়ুন

• Share
• Tweet